Saturday, April 18, 2020

walk


Like a deer yarded up in the snowy river bottom chewing on the diminishing store of palatable twigs, I had become sufficiently disgusted with my winter’s restriction and wanted to get out on the prairie. Grabbing my walking stick, I headed for the fields beyond the yard full of hope that I might go some distance without the need of snowshoes on this warmer day in the middle of February. I was not disappointed for the snow was hard enough with the constant wind and the few warmer temperatures to bear my weight. I judged it to vary from eight inches to a foot and a half in depth, depending upon where the wind had left it. Nowhere did it fail to cover the land. This has not always been the case in my lifetime here, but it does seem to be an increasing trend lately.
Setting out for the back corner where I had set temporary fence around the new hay seeding to protect it as the cow herd foraged and rummaged through the corn stalks, I resolved to walk that fence if I could and see how much of it was held in the icy crust on top.
Polywire held in the grip of the icy crust cannot often be pulled loose without straining and breaking the wire. And if it is left til spring, the melt will bear it down getting it within the reach of the mice that have spent the winter under the snow feasting on the residue meant for the farm’s cows. And they will chew the wire apart at various intervals. But all of it hung in place between the posts.
I noticed the color of the snow. Most of it was quite white but those areas along the west and north boundaries of the farm, just down the prevailing north and west winds from the neighbor’s tillage were beginning to gray and some of the leeward edges of the snow drifts that were high enough to slow the wind showed delicate patterns traced in black. The same was true of the edges of the hay field we had tilled to prepare it for corn planting in the coming spring. The National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) regards all soil in my part of the county as non highly erodible land (NHEL). The elements beg to differ, and if I am serious about farming responsibly I must hold myself to account for my role in it.
But it was in a sense, a walk over the wind made visible, for the snow lay in drifts on top of drifts, some of it fantastical in shape with irregular scoops underneath the forward edge of the original drift where the wind had managed to scour out some of the softer snow underneath the icy surface. Much of the snow surface was pockmarked with the effects of a short prior thaw, but this was overlaid with oblong drifts of newer whiter snow. The soil life and the new dormant hay plants seemed safe to me, not always the case here when snow is lighter and the winds are able to move it all to the protective tree groves and the winter livestock areas.
There is an earnest teenage Swedish girl traveling the earth these days using whatever mode of transport that is not a jet plane which she regards as unnecessarily wasteful of the earth’s gifts. She means to go wherever world leaders gather and lecture and harangue and shame them without mercy for their lack of attention to the deteriorating situation with the climate. I find myself cheering for her. Go Greta! But what I fear she is finding is that even though she has somehow slipped through the cracks in the wall that allows these masters of the universe types to determinedly ignore any who rise to challenge them, her words are not as effective as she must wish. And I think that is because these elites know very well that even if they were inclined to impose upon themselves the discipline to give up some of their advantages in favor of a better world for all people and a healthier earth, they are in reality powerless to effect this kind of change.
Top down management decisions cannot cure what ails the earth and its climate, though such people could resolve to try to get out of the way of those that can. And those that can are all of us, if we choose to. But there are major issues with us:
  • How do we care for the earth if we are not at home on it? Because we as humans are limited creatures, our care is necessarily so. When I took my little wintertime walk, I was repeating what I had done many times over many seasons in my seventy odd years of life. I am familiar here. There is no such thing as being at home on all of earth. Globalization is a delusion. A home must be human sized, because we are. And that means there must be many of us to properly care for what we have been given.
  • How can we try to help heal the earth? Are we not allowing technology increasingly to come between our life and other life on our farms? Don’t we each year have fewer people on the land? And do we not have the economy forcefully separating us from the work we ought to be doing?
  • We have a long tradition, both political and religious, of despising that which is close and yearning after what is afar. Why do we understand Pluto better than the soil and its life under our feet?
  • Do we have the nerve and resolve to get our wants under sufficient control that we do not destroy that which we did not make and which sustains us in order to fulfill our every whim?
  • Lifelong care of something precious must be preceded by taking delight in it. But delight is far too much an oddity in the world we have built around us. If we knew how to delight, that world would not be what it is.
I was not always the man who just took a walk in the snow. The idea of walking slowly in the cold, of noticing the wind scallops in the snow, of musing over the difference between what is and what was would not have given me pause twenty years ago. But the time in farming here and coping with agribusiness as it appears in our country have made me sober up and think that I must have missed a lot of sign posts on the way to where I am now.
And so I stood for long periods listening, alert to what I might perceive under the snow, trying in vain to hear the tiny lives there getting about their business and resolving to learn more about their world in whatever time I have left on the land. And I listened too, between the clang of the first Payloader scoop of frozen sugar beets hitting the bottom of the semi trailer three miles to the northwest and the sound of another Payloader revving as it hit the silage pile at the ten thousand cow dairy factory just two miles north and it seemed to me that we have missed the point and gone on on a long tangent and that if we are ever to belong here, to become native to this place, we have to begin to get quiet enough to think we hear the wind in the eight foot tall prairie grass, the sound that our grandfathers heard in this place.
The solutions to our lives in this place will only come in the quiet and humility of a man, any man or woman willing to stand and try to hear the sounds of life among the clatter of industry. They cannot be theorized and imposed from above or bought and paid for.


Saturday, March 14, 2020

carbon


Thinking through some of what I saw on my walk yesterday leads directly to the difference between annual and perennial plants. If the legumes I saw in their greenery on March 12th are photosynthesizing, and they must be, and if the grasses surrounding them were green perhaps a month longer last fall, say until November 15th after the first hard frost which pushed the legumes into dormancy on about October 15th, then there are things we can say. One is that annual plants live between whenever they can be planted in spring, generally about May 15th here until the first hard frost, when they really do die. The goal of an annual plant is not to live on itself but to produce seeds which will start growth in the future.
It is also important to point out that the perennial planting I saw was in both cases diverse. More than one species was present. In the case of the pasture it may have been fifteen or twenty. Even the hay field was seeded with two legumes and three grasses.
Perennial swards photosynthesize for three months longer than do the annuals. This is important. It is not just the perennial, but the diversity of perennials that outperforms the annuals. And they do, harvesting sunlight for eight months per year instead of five, a sixty percent improvement.
What is happening here might be called the carbon pathway. It is how the cycle of life works. Sugars and carbohydrates are manufactured from CO2 and the sun and sent via the plant into the roots and thence partially to the soil life, which in turn helps the plant to access minerals in the soil and grow. Researchers often call this product “liquid carbon” and its movement is critical to plant growth. When plants “sequester” carbon they are helping clean our excess carbon out of the atmosphere and installing it in the soil, where a certain amount of it originated due to agriculture’s traditional over reliance upon the plow.

Friday, March 13, 2020

March

The day could not have been more typically March as I angled across the pasture, climbed the fence and headed for the hay field where the water was standing.  A strong cold wind blew, clouds mostly covered the sky with just a few peeks of sun.  And once again I was cheered by the scene under my feet.  In both the pastures and the hay field, green was showing.  Those clover and, in the hay field, alfalfa plants were a bright intense green nestled as they were in beds of just greening grass with water puddles and leftover snow drifts scattered about.
Unless we go to look, we don't see this.  From the edge the fields still look winter dead.  They are not.  And I wonder if they really are in winter, at least when it comes to perennial plants.
There are differences.  You are apt to get mud on your feet in the hay, where you will not most areas in the pasture.  This is because the roots in the pasture are very much more developed; consequently you are walking on plant material left over from last year.  There is little in the way of bare ground.  This is usually not true in the hay seeding, where the roots, though perennial, have typically not had as many seasons to develop.
What always startles me about this is that the first parts of the pasture sward to go dormant in the fall, after the first hard frost, are also the first plants to show a vibrant green in the spring.  Legumes evidently operate in a somewhat different season than the grasses that are just now losing their dusty green aspect and clothing themselves in spring green. 

Thursday, March 12, 2020

free market

John Ikerd, professor emeritus in agriculture economics at Missouri has this to say:
"People brag about the free market.  But we have central planning here.  It's just not by government.  It's by corporations."

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

climate

It is doubtful that conventional agriculture can or will move fast enough in response to climate deterioration.  Certainly this can be said of other elements of the economy also, and for similar reasons.  Farmers have a great deal invested in the continuation of business as usual.  Expensive lines of machines suited to one kind of farming only will weigh heavily on farmer response.
This being the case, we should perhaps question the wisdom of the continuous buttressing of farming as usual, from government sponsored crop and income insurance to the targeting of government payments and University research into livestock concentration and annual crops.  It is the younger farmers, few that they are, those kept out by these economic and social cushions for established farmers, that are apt to see their way to the kind of change necessary.  A farmer with forty years experience and a machine investment in the millions will go over the cliff before considering any kind of perennial production, taking much and many with him. 

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

water cycle

Carbon movement and the water cycle move in tandem one with the other.  The extra humidity we have been experiencing is a direct result of an impaired water cycle.  There is too much water (humidity) in the air and it acts as a greenhouse gas, making our climate situation worse.  But the humidity is high at least in part because our soil holds much less water than it should.  This is because of our shrinking level of organic matter.  Since soil OM is about fifty eight percent carbon on average, we can say that if our carbon movement was more favorable-that is, away from the air and toward the soil-our water cycle would be improved because more of it would be held in the soil; estimates are that every one percent increase in soil organic matter means that 20000 more gallons per each acre can be held in the soil.

It is within our ability to improve the level of soil organic matter.  We must reduce tillage, keep the soil covered (armor on the land),keep roots in the soil year around-preferably perennial roots, and do what we can to get livestock back on the land, particularly the ruminants-cattle and sheep.  This allows plants to sequester carbon and thus increase the level of organic matter.  Climate change is serious, but we are not helpless.

Christine Jones

The best national health policy is good agricultural policy. This is as true for us in the US as it is for Australia, where Jones is located.  Her work is much about the impacts of modern agriculture and climate upon the nutrient density of our foods.  Go to "Amazing Carbon.com" for a look at her research and writing.